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This web page is going to talk about how slot machines use a RNG or Random Number Generator and how this has changed over time including the present system of server based slot machines. This discussion is based on various documents from the Nevada Gaming Control Board or U.S. Patents.
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- Wild Wild Bill Reel Slot machine has three spinning reels with symbols. Each time a spin is made, the three reels come to rest randomly with a selection of symbols showing in the game window. Certain combinations of symbols in the game window result in payoffs. The payoffs for the different winning combinations are shown.
The RNG is the Random Number Generator. It used to be a critical part of the slot machine. The RNG was built into the EPROM. EPROM is an acronym for Erasable/Programmable Read Only Memory. The key term here is read only. Once the EPROM is in the machine it can’t be changed.
If you are a casino and the year is 2000 and you purchased a slot machine what you really were buying is an EPROM. Back in that day, the EPROM had the game code, an RNG and a single pay table. These were static or unchanging variables (read only). Vintage slot machine. If your slot machine had a payout of 90% and you wanted to change it to 93% you had to take out the EPROM and replace it with a different EPROM that had a payout of that percent.
Here is a system diagram of a slot machine from the EPROM era.
The slot machine has, most importantly, an EPROM. An EPROM is all inclusive because it had the game code, an RNG and a single pay table resulting in a known payback percent.
The rest of this page is going to outline how slot machines in the EPROM era morphed into server based slot machines.
The first document referenced is from the Nevada Gaming Commission and there is a link to the complete document below, here is the title page:
In 2010 the casino’s in Nevada asked that the architecture of the slot machine be changed as it was too slow and expensive to change a machine’s payouts. If you wanted to change a machines payback percentage the machine had to be not in use, the door opened and the EPROM removed and replaced by a different EPROM. Since each EPROM was all inclusive, meaning it included the game code, an RNG and a single pay table. If you wanted to change the payout structure, say from 90% to 93% you changed the EPROM.
Below is an excerpt from an interview with a casino manager from 1999:
But that article is from 1999 and represents 1990’s technology. Having to open the machine and replace the EPROM with a new one has been replaced by server based computing at your local casino. Don’t believe it? Look at the following excerpts from the Nevada Gaming Control Board in 2010, this board is responsible for approving new slot machine manufacturing:
The following excerpt from the document indicates that if you are going to build a slot machine, you are required, in Technical Standard 1.140, to explain how your software can change the active components of your slot machine. If your casino is in Nevada, there is a 4-minute idle rule built into this change. But what if you are not in Nevada? Any good programmer would make this an input variable that can be changed. What this means is the read-only all inclusiveness of an EPROM is being re-engineered and made into active components. All the manufactures have to do is create this idle time as a setting and in states not named Nevada the operator can set this variable to zero seconds and you have a fully active system.
The next image is from the same document and is specific to the design of the RNG. It’s clear from this that there is an RNG in use. This snippet talks about what the Gaming Commission is looking for if you are a manufacturer trying to get a slot machine approved for sale in Nevada:
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But the image below is one you need to pay attention to. In this snippet the Gaming Control Board is asking the manufacturer to describe the methods used to change the payback percentage!
Are you paying attention? This technology document is from 2010. It is now 2020. The RNG is still a static part of the system but giving a manufacturer the ability to change the pay table has made the RNG a meaningless part of the system. The ability to change the pay table from a remote server has been in place for years now.
Still not convinced? Check out U.S. Patent 20130310164, here is an image:
What this patent is asking for is the ability to create and use a jackpot only pay table! Here is the description of the patent:
In this patent they add a pay table database. This allows them to store many pay tables for each game. The idea of a single read only pay table built into the EPROM has drastically changed.
And how the patent is written states it is going to use a rules oriented database to know when to create the jackpot only pay table which is stored in the pay table database. My favorite rule is the one that is keeping track of how hard you hit the buttons!
Here is an example of a pay table that is limited in what your maximum line hit can be. Look at the table below, most of the fields are blank which map to a blank space on the pay line. The only seven that is listed in all three reels is the Blue 7. There is no Triple Star in any of the results meaning the best this table can pay is matching Blue Sevens. Your odds of hitting matching Blue Sevens is 1/125 (1 in 5 * 1 in 5 * 1 in 5).
Here is an example of what a 3-reel, $25 a credit, single pay line jackpot only pay table might look like. Notice that there are only two different types of symbols allowed: the Flag Seven, which at 1 credit bet is worth 80 credits, and the Triple Star symbol which matches the Flag Seven and would multiply it by 3. In our made up example of a jackpot only pay table the worst you can do is get matching Flag Sevens worth 80 credits and any Triple Star would match and multiply the Flag Seven by 3. Our possible Outcomes are 80, 240, 720 or 1500 on 1-credit bets. If we are betting 2 credits our possible outcomes are 160, 480, 1440 and 4000. Any of these outcomes from our jackpot only pay table are jackpots on a $25 machine.
The part of the system the patent doesn’t talk about (other patents do) is how a random number gets mapped to a pay table. Below is an example of the classic virtual reel map. What a virtual reel does is expand out the number of physical stops into virtual stops and then it maps the virtual stop to the physical. This allows the game designer to change the odds and makes for bigger payouts.
But the patents don’t talk about virtual reels and if they are used each pay table would have to have its own virtual reel.
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For that reason, here’s a simplified example of how that mapping might work.
First, we need a random number then we call our mapping program, based on the MOD() mathematical function which returns the remainder of a division operation of two numbers.
- Call the MOD() with the number of rows in the pay table and the random number, for example:
- If the number is 100, 100/5 = 20 with zero remainder, returns a 0.
- If the number is 101 it returns a remainder of 1.
- If the number is 102 it returns a remainder of 2.
- If the number is 103 it returns a remainder of 3.
- If the number is 104 it returns a remainder of 4.
- If the number is 105, it is divisible (105/5=21) with no reminder and returns a 0.
In our example, any number sent to MOD(n, 5) will return a remainder of 0 through 4 which maps to a unique row ID in our pay table.
Below is a system architecture diagram that describes the current system architecture of server based slot machines.
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Summary
In summary, the RNG is real, however it has been rendered meaningless by allowing the manufacturer to change the pay table.
There are many other interesting sections to the Nevada Gaming Commission document. The entire document can be read here:
You can watch a video on this page on my Wild Bill Slots YouTube channel by clicking here: